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Naql is the transfer of a vowel from a following hamzah to the preceding letter in the specific Qur'anic reading where it applies.
النَّقْلُ: نَقْلُ حَرَكَةِ الهَمْزَةِ إِلَى الحَرْفِ السَّاكِنِ قَبْلَهَا.
With the sun letters, the ل of ال is not pronounced and the following letter receives shaddah.
الشَّمْسُ — النَّاسُ — الرَّحْمٰنُ
With moon letters, the ل of ال is pronounced clearly.
الْقَمَرُ — الْكِتَابُ — الْحَمْدُ
Hamzat al-Wasl is pronounced when beginning a word, but normally disappears when connecting it to what comes before.
اِسْمٌ — اِهْدِنَا — الْحَمْدُ
Madd means elongation of a vowel sound. The amount of elongation depends on the type of madd.
قَالَ — يَقُولُ — قِيلَ
Idgham means merging one letter into another according to the relevant Tajweed rule.
Ikhfa is a partial concealment of the noon sakinah or tanween sound before its specific letters.
Qalqalah is the slight echoing sound produced when one of the qalqalah letters has sukoon.
قُطْبُ جَدٍّ
Ghunnah is the nasal sound associated especially with ن and م in their relevant Tajweed rules.